February 2025 Update: Insights from the High Weald Deer Conference

Key Takeaways from the Conference

1. The Evolution of Deer Populations & The Role of Humans

One of the most fascinating discussions explored how deer populations have evolved over time and the role humans have played in shaping their history.

The UK’s deer populations have fluctuated significantly due to a combination of habitat changes, hunting pressures, and conservation efforts. Some key points discussed included:

• Roe deer were nearly extinct in England by the early 20th century, surviving only in isolated areas before their numbers rebounded due to reintroductions and habitat restoration.

• Fallow deer, introduced by the Normans in the 11th century, have remained widespread due to managed deer parks and estates.

• Red deer, once confined mainly to Scotland, have expanded across parts of England due to changing land use and conservation efforts.

Humans have always played a key role in controlling, reintroducing, and managing deer. In medieval times, deer parks allowed controlled hunting and population regulation, while modern-day landowners continue to balance conservation and sustainable culling to try and prevent overpopulation and habitat destruction.

2. Misconceptions About Natural Predators

A particularly interesting point raised was the misconception that wolves once played a significant role in controlling deer populations in the UK. While this is often assumed, historical evidence suggests:

• Wolves were already scarce in England by the time fallow deer were introduced.

• Wolves were completely eradicated from Britain by the 17th or 18th century, meaning they were not present in significant numbers to control deer populations.

• In contrast to mainland Europe, where predators like wolves and lynx still help regulate deer numbers, the UK has relied on human intervention for centuries.

This lack of non-human natural predation is one of the key reasons why active deer management is necessary today. Without culling, deer numbers can rise to unsustainable levels, leading to:

• Significant damage to woodlands and loss of biodiversity.

• Increased deer-vehicle collisions, a growing issue in rural and even semi-urban areas.

• Poorer herd health, as overpopulation leads to disease and starvation in some areas.

The discussion highlighted the need for responsible deer management as a modern solution to a challenge that humans have long influenced.

3. The Unmaking Ritual – A Community Tradition

Another fascinating discussion was around the unmaking ritual, a traditional method of processing deer that was deeply rooted in community and respect for the animal.

Unlike modern hunting, where a deer is often taken to a game dealer or butchered privately, the unmaking ritual was historically about fairly dividing the deer among different members of a community.

• The best cuts (haunches, backstraps) were often given to lords, senior hunters, or those of higher status.

• The offal and smaller cuts were frequently distributed to lower-ranking individuals, local families, or shared among the hunting party. (Giving rise to the saying "eat humble pie" which comes from the medieval dish "umble pie", which was made from the edible organs of a deer or hog.)

• Certain parts of the deer, such as the heart or liver, were sometimes ritually consumed on the spot as a way of honouring the animal.

This ritualistic and practical approach to deer processing reinforces how hunting was once a deeply embedded social activity, rather than just a method of food procurement or sport. While modern deer management has evolved, there is still value in maintaining a deep respect for the animal and ensuring that venison is used sustainably and efficiently.

Credit: Le livre de chasse, by Gaston Fébus. c. 1407 MS.fr. 616, fol.85. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

4. Venison for Food Banks – The Work of SJ Hunt & The Country Food Trust

One of the most inspiring discussions at the conference was led by SJ Hunt of The Country Food Trust, highlighting the important role venison is playing in tackling food insecurity in the UK.

Rather than simply using excess venison from culling programmes, The Country Food Trust is actively working with deer stalkers, providing a fee for carcasses, and ensuring that culled deer are processed into venison mince. This mince is then distributed to food banks and community initiatives, making nutritious, high-quality protein accessible to those who need it most.

With deer numbers increasing and sustainable food sources becoming ever more important, this initiative shows how responsible deer management can have positive impacts beyond conservation—supporting both ecosystems and communities in need.

6. Deer Management in Ashdown Forest

Hearing from the Countryside Manager of Ashdown Forest provided insight into how deer are managed in one of the South East’s most ecologically significant areas.

The discussion covered:

• Why deer management is necessary to protect rare heathland habitats.

• How deer impact local ecosystems, particularly in areas with protected species.

• The balance between conservation and public engagement, ensuring that deer management remains ethical and effective.

Their proactive approach to culling and monitoring is an excellent case study in sustainable management.

Final Thoughts

The High Weald Deer Conference was a fantastic opportunity to connect with like-minded professionals, learn from industry leaders, and gain valuable insights into the future of deer management.

Hearing about the history of deer populations, the misconceptions around natural predators, and the unmaking ritual gave us a deeper appreciation for the traditions and responsibilities involved in sustainable deer management.

At Deer Services UK, we are committed to applying both historical knowledge and modern best practices to ensure ethical and effective deer management. Whether it’s:
✅ Helping landowners sustainably control deer populations.
✅ Advising on funding applications.
✅ Supporting the ethical use of venison.

We’re here to help landowners and conservation efforts thrive.

📩 If you’d like advice on deer management or funding opportunities, get in touch!